Machine forging (upsetter forging)
The process of forging in a forging machine (upsetter), in which the metal is moved into the die impression by pressure applied in a horizontal direction by the moving die in the ram.
The process of forging in a forging machine (upsetter), in which the metal is moved into the die impression by pressure applied in a horizontal direction by the moving die in the ram.
A testing procedure for conditions such as porosity, inclusions, segregation, carburization, and flow lines from hot working. After applying a suitable etching solution to the polished metal surface, the structure revealed by the action of the reagent can be observed visually. See Etch test.
The structure and condition of metals as revealed on a suitably prepared and etched sample, and visible without the use of a microscope or under low magnification (up to 10 diameters).
A nondestructive method of inspection/testing for determining the existence and extent of possible defects in ferro-magnetic materials. The metal is magnetized, then iron powder is applied. The powder adheres to lines of flux leakage, revealing surface and near-surface discontinuities.
The process of rolling and forging a hollow blank over a mandrel in order to produce a weldless, seamless ring or tube. See Saddle/Mandrel Forging.
A mechanical device for handling an ingot or a billet during forging.
Wood, metal or plastic reproduction of a proposed forged shape, used to control cutters on tracer-controlled die sinking equipment.
Increased draft used on the shallow side of a forging to match its surface at the parting line with a similar surface of less draft on the deeper side.
A forging press with an inertia flywheel, a crank and clutch, or other mechanical device to operate the ram.
A three-element forging press, with two gripper dies and a forming tool, for flanging or forming relatively deep recesses.
One made from a microalloyed steel requiring only controlled cooling to reach optimum properties, in contrast to conventional quenched-and-tempered steels that require traditional heat treatments to achieve the same results.
The structure and internal condition of metals as revealed on a ground and polished (and sometimes etched) surface when observed at high magnification (over 10 diameters).
The heavy oxide layer that forms during heating and forging of steel.
The misalignment or error in register of a pair of forging dies; also applied to the condition of the resulting forging.
An allowance for misalignment (or mismatch) included in forging tolerances.
Taper on the sides of a forging, due to its shape or position in the die, that makes added draft unnecessary.
Forging components as close as possible to the required dimensions of the finished part.
(See also Precision forging) Forging components on one or more sides to net shape requiring no further machining on at least one side. e.g. net forged gear with machined back face.
A forged shape with extremely close tolerances and little or no draft, requiring a minimum of machining to produce the final part. Mechanical properties can be enhanced by this closer control of grain flow and retention of surface material in the final component.
Any method of detection or measurement of the properties or performance capabilities of materials, parts, assemblies, or structures that does not impair the surface or internal integrity of the part.
Metals or alloys that contain no appreciable quantity of iron; applied to such metals as aluminum, copper, magnesium, and their alloys.
Forging condition that occurs when the finish die impression is not completely filled with metal. Some causes are: improper distribution of metal in preforming operations such as fullering, edging, and blocking; excessive removal of material by chipping defects prior to finish forging; improper lubrication of die impression; low forging pressure; rough or uneven die finish; inadequate hammer or press capacity.
Forging produced by working between flat or simply contoured dies with unrestricted metal flow using repetitive strokes and continuous manipulation of the workpiece; sometimes called hand forging. Read more about open die forging vs closed die forging.
In the normal processing of aluminum forgings, a caustic etch operation is employed for the dual purpose of cleaning parts and emphasizing defects to facilitate visual inspection. Immersion of parts for too long or use of too concentrated a solution will produce a rough, slightly pitted surface.
Metal with an undesirable coarse grain structure due to exposure to an excessively high temperature. Unlike a “burnt” structure, the metal is not permanently damaged but can be corrected by mechanical working.
A rough forged shape, usually flat, that can be obtained quickly with minimal tooling. Considerable machining is usually required to attain the finish size.
(1) The line along the surface of a forging where the dies meet, usually at the largest cross section of the part. Flash is formed at the parting line. (2) The plane that divides the two forging die halves.
Depth rate of working.
Small particles of oxidized metal adhering to the surface of a mill product.
The process of removing oxide scale from forgings by treating in a heated acid bath.
In ring rolling, the process of providing a through hole in the center of an upset forging using a tapered or cylindrical punch. See Drifting.
The area of the plan view of a forging; sometimes used to indicate the relative size of a forging.
A finishing operation for the purpose of removing the trim line of forgings or of obtaining closer tolerances. Usually done by rolling, pressing or hammering, hot or cold.
See Lead Proof.
(1) A protruding portion of a die impression for forming a corresponding recess in the forging. (2) A false bottom in a die.
The ratio of strain in the longitudinal direction to that in the transverse direction. Typical values range from 0.28 to 0.33 for most forging alloys.
The plastic deformation of a powder metallurgy compact or preform into a fully dense finished shape by using compressive force; usually done hot and within closed dies.
Power-driven rolls used in preforming bar or billet stock that have shaped contours and notches for introduction of the work.
A forging hammer with a steam or air cylinder for raising the ram and augmenting its downward blow.
(1) In ring rolling, a vertically mounted piercing (punching) tool used for preparation of ring blanks on the ring blank press. (2) A tapered tool of various diameters and lengths.
(See also Net-shape forging) A forging produced to closer tolerances than normally considered standard by the industry.
(1) The forging operation in which stock is preformed or shaped to a predetermined size and contour prior to subsequent die forging operations. When a preform operation is required, it will precede a forging operation and will be performed in conjunction with the forging operation and in the same heat. (2) Ring blanks of a specific shape for profile (contour) ring rolling. (3) The initially pressed powder metallurgy compact to be subjected to repressing.
Any one or a combination of preliminary die impressions used in producing a preform. Also known as blocker, buster, scalebreak, and extrusion.
(1) A preliminary heating of ingots, billets, or forgings to reduce the hazards of thermal shock upon subsequent heating to higher temperatures. (2) A high-temperature soaking treatment used to change the metallurgical structure in preparation for a subsequent operation, usually applied to the ingot.
A one-time charge covering the cost of sinking dies and preparing required auxiliary tooling for producing forgings to a particular design. In usual practice, this charge conveys to the customer the exclusive right to purchase forgings produced on this tooling. The dies themselves are the property of the forger, who also has the responsibility for maintaining and replacing the dies as required for satisfactory production of forgings.
The rated force a press is designed to exert at a predetermined distance above the bottom of the stroke of the ram.
The shaping of metal between dies on a mechanical or hydraulic press. The action is that of kneading the metal by relatively slow application of force as compared with the action of hammering.
A tabulation of the change in pressures across a forging section, usually in graphical form.
In ring rolling a process to produce seamless rolled rings with a predesigned shape either on the outside or the inside diameter, requiring less volume of material and less machining to produce finished parts.
A collection of sample forgings taken following the first and subsequent blows of the forging sequence. Also known as a progression.
An extra portion of metal added in a mutually agreeable location of a forging to permit removal and subsequent testing without destroying the forging. Generally applies to open die and some large rolled rings.
Any reproduction of a die impression in any material. See also Lead Proof.
The distance that a press ram position can be altered to change the shut height of the die space. The adjustment can be made by hand or by power mechanism.
A relatively flat (but generally with draft) thin portion of a forging, generally perpendicular to the forging plane.
The Society of Automotive Engineers.
A process of cleaning forgings by propelling metal shot at high velocity by air pressure or centrifugal force at the surface of the forgings. See also Blast cleaning.
A measuring scale or rule, used in die layout, on which graduations are expanded to compensate for thermal contraction (shrinkage) of the forging during cooling.
The contraction of metal during cooling after hot forging. Die impressions are made oversize according to precise shrinkage scales to allow the forgings to shrink to design dimensions and tolerances.
For a press, the distance from the top of the bed to the bottom of the ram with the stroke down and adjustment up. In general, it is the maximum die height that can be accommodated for normal operation, taking the bolster plate into consideration.
Faults produced in a forging by incorrect tool design or incorrect flow of steel that results in the formation of a crack in the forging surface.
Lateral force exerted between the dies by reaction of the forged piece on the die impressions.
Lateral force exerted between the dies by reaction of the forged piece on the die impressions.
The operation of machining the impression of a desired forging into die blocks.
A common batch-type forge furnace where stock is charged and removed through a slot or opening.
(1) Forging stock for one workpiece cut to length. See also Blank. (2) Metal removed when punching a hole in a forging (also termed “punchout”).
The blacksmith, forger, or pressman.
Any power hammer where impression dies are not used for the reproduction of commercially exact forgings.
The process of removing portions of forgings not desired in the finished product, by grinding.
(1) A die cavity used to divide laterally or split the material being worked so that it better covers the impression and reduces forging load; (2) A die cavity used to cut the material apart in the desired section by means of a shearing action.
(1) The elastic recovery of metal after stressing. (2) The extent to which metal tends to return to its original shape or contour after undergoing a forming operation. This is compensated for by overbending or by a secondary operation of restriking.
Steels that are corrosion and heat resistant and contain a minimum of 10% to 12% chromium. Other alloying elements are often present.
An operation performed to identify the particular forgings as specified or requested by the customer.
A type of drop hammer where the ram is raised for each stroke by a double-action steam cylinder and the energy delivered to the workpiece is supplied by the velocity and weight of the ram and attached upper die driven downward by steam pressure. Energy delivered during each stroke may be varied.
In cutting forging stock to specified length for a die-forged part, the ends of the bar always contain surface imperfections caused by the cutting tool; these are often retained on the surface of the finished part. If pronounced, such marks are removed by light grinding. On parts where repeated indications of stock marks are encountered, efforts are usually made to eliminate them by conditioning the stock ends prior to forging by polishing the cut ends and beveling the edge of the cut.
Finishing operation for correcting misalignment in a forging or between different sections of a forging. Straightening may be done by hand, with simple tools, or in a die in forging equipment.
A combination coining and straightening operation performed in special cavity dies designed to impart a specific amount of working in specified areas of the forging to relieve stresses set up during heat treatment.
A straightening operation performed on a surface plate to bring a forging within straightness tolerance. Frequently, a bottom die from a set of finish dies is used instead of a surface plate; hand tools used include mallets, sledges, blocks, jacks, and oil gear presses, in addition to regular inspection tools.
An increase in hardness and strength caused by plastic deformation at temperatures below the recrystallization range. Also known as work hardening.
The rate at which metal is deformed.
Alloy that can be forged only at low rates of deformation.
A lug or ring on the forging or an impression in the dies of a mechanical upsetter to ensure firm clamping of the workpiece in the gripper dies.
The vertical movement of a ram during half of the cycle, from the full open to the full closed position or vice versa.
Inherent microstructural soundness of forgings as a result of achieving 100% density, uniform metallurgical structure and grain size, as well as the absence of porosity, segregation, large inclusions, and other non-forged part defects.
A block used as an adapter in order to permit the use of forging dies that otherwise would not have sufficient height to be used in the particular unit or to permit the use of dies in a unit where the shank sizes are different.
A term broadly applied to iron-base, nickel-base, and cobalt-base alloys, often quite complex, that exhibit high elevated-temperature mechanical properties and oxidation resistance.
The ability of certain metals to develop extremely high tensile elongations at elevated temperatures and under controlled rates of deformation.
(1) Reducing the diameter of or rounding out a section of a forging by a series of blows, tapering the forging lengthwise until the entire section attains the smaller dimension of the taper. (2) Tapering forging stock by forging, hammering, or squeezing.